ASTM METHODS @Falex Tribology
Standard Test Method for Determining the High Stress Abrasion Resistance of Hard Materials
This test method was developed for ranking the high-stress abrasion resistance of cemented carbides, but it has been successfully used on ceramics, cermets, and metal matrix hardfacings with a hardness over 55 HRC. The feature of this test method that discriminates it from other abrasion tests is that the abrasive is forced against the test specimen with a steel wheel with sufficient force to cause fracture of the abrasive particles.
Typical uses : Cemented carbides, cermets, metal matrix hardmetals, welded or laser cladded hard coatings,...
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Standard Test Method for Wear Preventive Characteristics of Lubricating Grease (Four-Ball Method)
This test method covers determination of wear preventive characteristics of greases in sliding steel-on-steel applications. The four ball configuration generates 3 high pressure point contacts, after a given test duration the wear can easily be measured optically on the lower balls and provides an immediate quantity for the greases' anti-wear capacity. NOTE : the method is not intended to evaluate the extreme pressure characteristics of the grease.
Typical uses : metalworking fluids, gear oils, engine oils, aqueous emulsions etc.
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Standard Test Method for Measurement of Load-Carrying Capacity of Lubricating Grease (Timken Method)
In this test, the extreme pressure capabilities of lubricants and liquids are tested by increasing load on a Pin by 2 Vee blocks. The load at which the lubricant no longer provides protection, and where the Pin and Vee block materials fail catastrophically, is called the failure load.
Typical uses : metalworking fluids, gear oils, engine oils, aqueous emulsions etc.
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Standard Test Method for Measurement of Extreme-Pressure Properties of Lubricating Grease (Four-Ball Method)
This test method, used for specification purposes, differentiates between lubricating greases having low, medium, and high level of extreme-pressure properties in a four ball configuration. Three determinations are made:
1.Load-Wear Index (formerly called Mean-Hertz Load), 2.Weld Point, and 3. Last nonseizure load (LNSL).
Typical uses : all greases
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Standard Test Method for Endurance (Wear) Life and Load-Carrying Capacity of Solid Film Lubricants (Falex Pin and Vee Method)
In this test, the extreme pressure capabilities and wear resistance of solid film lubricants, deposited on pin and 2 vee blocks, is evaluated.
Procedure A is endurance, the test is run under constant load until a sharp increase in friction torque determines end of lifetime.
Procedure B is load-carrying capacity in which the a load is stepwise increased until the whole system fails catastrophically,.
Typical uses : solid lubricant coatings on steel, aluminum, titanium and other alloys. Qualification of aerospace solid lubricant coatings.
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Standard Test Method for Measuring Wear Properties of Fluid Lubricants (Falex Pin and Vee Block Method)
This test method covers a procedure for making a preliminary evaluation of the anti-wear properties of fluid lubricants by means of the Falex Pin and Vee Block Lubricant Test Machine. The test is run at a predefined constant load, and the wear on the pin and vee blocks is characterised by the amount of 'wear teeth' it takes to maintain a constant load.
Typical uses : metalworking fluids, gear oils, engine oils, aqueous emulsions etc.
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Standard Test Method for Calibration and Operation of the Falex Block-on-Ring Friction and Wear Testing Machine
Widely used test method to evaluate the anti-wear or extreme pressure properties of lubricants, solid lubricant coatings or materials in a sliding line contact, created between a rotating ring and a stationary block, with the Falex Block on Ring test machine. The test conditions may be varied to suit the application better.
Typical uses : Aerospace specifications, biomedical specifications, solid lubricant coatings, lubricants, general use.
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Standard Test Method for Measurement of Extreme-Pressure Properties of Lubricating Fluids (Timken Method)
In this test, the extreme pressure capabilities of lubricants and liquids are tested by increasing load on a Pin by 2 Vee blocks. The load at which the lubricant no longer provides protection, and where the Pin and Vee block materials fail catastrophically, is called the failure load.
Typical uses : metalworking fluids, gear oils, engine oils, aqueous emulsions etc.
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Standard Test Method for Measurement of Extreme-Pressure Properties of Lubricating Fluids (Four-Ball Method)
This test method, used for specification purposes, differentiates between lubricating fluids having low, medium, and high level of extreme-pressure properties in a four ball configuration. Three determinations are made:
1.Load-Wear Index (formerly called Mean-Hertz Load), 2.Weld Point, and 3. Last nonseizure load (LNSL).
Typical uses : metalworking fluids, gear oils, hydraulic oils, engine oils, machine oils, chain lubricants,...
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Standard Test Method for Wear Life of Solid Film Lubricants in Oscillating Motion
This test method covers the evaluation of wear life of a bonded solid film lubricant under oscillating motion by means of a block-on-ring2 friction and wear testing machine.
Keywords : Coefficient Of Friction - Falex Block-On-Ring Testing Machines - Lubricating Oils - Solid Film Lubricants - Testing Instruments - Wear And Erosion Resistance - Wear Life - Wear Test
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Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Extreme Pressure Properties of Fluid Lubricants (Falex Pin and Vee Block Methods)
In this test, the extreme pressure capabilities of lubricants and liquids are tested by increasing load on a Pin by 2 Vee blocks. The load at which the lubricant no longer provides protection, and where the Pin and Vee block materials fail catastrophically, is called the failure load.
Two procedures are used :
Procedure A : constant linear increase of load during test
Procedure B : stepwise load increments during test.
Typical uses : metalworking fluids, gear oils, engine oils, aqueous emulsions etc.
In oil bath, in recirculating flow or in misting configuration
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Standard Test Method for Wear Rate and Coefficient of Friction of Materials in Self-Lubricated Rubbing Contact Using a Thrust Washer Testing Machine
This test method is used to determine the equilibrium rate of wear and coefficient of friction of materials in rubbing contact under useful operating conditions, that is, combinations of pressure and velocity that fall below the PV (pressure × velocity) limit of the test material.
The precision of wear measurement is relatively independent of test duration or amount of wear, but the precision of wear rate (calculation) improves with test duration and amount of wear. It is generally believed that useful wear rate precision requires the selection of a test duration sufficient to produce 0.1 mm (0.004 in.) of wear. Test durations will often be in the 50 h to 4000 h range.
Keywords : Coefficient Of Friction - Lubricants - Lubricating Oils - Rubbing - Surface Treatment - Thrust Washer Machines - Wear And Erosion Resistance - Wear Rate - Wear Test.
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Standard Test Method for Wear Preventive Properties of Lubricating Greases Using the (Falex) Block on Ring Test Machine in Oscillating Motion
This test method covers the determination of wear properties of lubricating greases by means of the Falex block-on-ring friction and wear test machine in oscillating motion.
It can also be applied to self-lubricating materials (polymers, coatings) or wear-resistant materials that are to be used in oscillating motion.
Typical uses : greases, self-lubricating solids, polymers.
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Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by the Taber Abraser
Coatings on substrates can be damaged by abrasion during service life. This test method evaluates the abrasion resistance of coatings in 2-body abrasion by rubbing abrasive wheels against the coating/specimen. Ratings produced by this test method have correlated well with ratings produced by the falling abrasive values in Test Method D968.
Wheels with varying hardness and abrasives can be used to evaluate different material classes. Standard always has to report the standard wheel used and the other test conditions.
Typical uses : abrasion and scratch resistance surfaces, medical devices.
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Standard Test Method for Fretting Wear Protection by Lubricating Greases
This test method is used to evaluate the property of lubricating greases to protect oscillating bearings from fretting wear. This method, used for specification purposes, differentiates among greases allowing low, medium, and high amounts of fretting wear under prescribed test conditions. The test has been used to predict the fretting performance of greases in wheel bearings of passenger cars shipped long distances and is now used for fretting performance of greases in pitch bearings or wind turbines, solar panel controls etc.
Keywords : Fretting Corrosion - Fretting Wear - Friction - Lubricating Greases - Oxidation - Wear - Wear And Erosion - Wear Test - False Brinelling
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Standard Test Method for Wear Preventive Characteristics of Lubricating Fluid (Four-Ball Method)
The efficiency of anti-wear additives in a liquid lubricant can be evaluated by this test method. One rotating ball is pressed against 3 stationary clamped balls, at a given load, rotating speed and temperature. After a set time, the wear scars on the three stationary balls can be easily measured with an optical microscope, and give an indication of the relative wear preventative properties of the product. NOTE : the method is not intended to evaluate the extreme pressure characteristics of the grease.
Typical uses : engine oils, hydraulic oils transmission fluids, aqueous emulsions etc.
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Standard Test Method for Determination of the Coefficient of Friction of Lubricants Using the Four-Ball Wear Test Machine
The friction in a rotating ball-on-three ball contact is measured while progressively increasing the contact load on the system.
This method uses the same setup as the ASTM D4172 Four Ball Wear test, but requires a prior run-in of the balls with a run-in fluid, followed by the measurement of coefficient of friction in the unknow liquid under 10 kg load steps (until seizure occurs).
The method allows a comparative test for friction preventative properties of liquid products under tightly controlled standard conditions. Most importantly, the test is done with standardized test pieces (Four Ball ASTM test balls).
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Standard Test Method for Evaluating Thin Film Fluid Lubricants in a Drain and Dry Mode Using a Pin and Vee Block Test Machine (Withdrawn 2010)
In this test, the extreme pressure capabilities of lubricants or liquids, applied by a drain and drip method, are tested by increasing load in a Pin-on-Vee block contact. The load at which the lubricant no longer provides protection, and where the Pin and Vee block materials fail catastrophically, is called failure load.
Typical uses : weapons oils, metalworking fluids.
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Standard Test Method for Indicating Wear Characteristics of Non-Petroleum and Petroleum Hydraulic Fluids in a Constant Volume Vane Pump
This test method is an indicator of the wear characteristics of non-petroleum and petroleum hydraulic fluids operating in a constant volume vane pump. Excessive wear in vane pumps could lead to malfunction of hydraulic systems in critical applications.
Typical uses : hydraulic fluids
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Standard Test Method for Comparison of Metalworking Fluids Using a Tapping Torque Test Machine
This test method uses an instrumented tapping machine, and a real thread cutting or forming operation of a tap into a workpiece material, to predict the comparative lubricating properties of a metalworking fluid (MWF). Fluids that produce lower torques or higher efficiencies are predicted to have better machining characteristics.
The method is applicable to all tap types, machining speeds, alloys and coatings that can be fabricated into a test piece. Comparison between different operating conditions or various types of fluids can be made.
A temperature sensor can also measure the heating of the tap (tool) in each operation and give additional information about the frictional behavior.
Reported quantity is the efficiency or mean average torque of a reference fluid divided by the mean average torque of the fluid of interest.
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Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel Apparatus
This method is used to compare the abrasion resistance of materials against severe dry particle abrasion.
A rubber rimmed wheel transports standard sand over a test specimens, with a controlled velocity (amount of sand) and load. The resulting abrasion that occurs on the test specimen can be measured as weight loss or volume loss.
Fixed conditions, in terms of number of abrasive cycles and load, are defined in this standard method, named procedures A-E.
Typical uses : hard metals, hardfacing coatings, abrasion resistant composites and polymers, surface treatments designed at abrasion resistance
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Standard Test Method for Determination of Slurry Abrasivity (Miller Number) and Slurry Abrasion Response of Materials (SAR Number)
The reciprocating sliding motion of a test coupon in an abrasive slurry (particles+liquid) results in a repeatable abrasive wear damage in liquid conditions. The 'MILLER NUMBER' is a measure for the abrasiveness (agressiveness) of a slurry, by testing the slurry against a standardised high-chromium steel. The 'SAR NUMBER' is the Slurry Abrasiveness Resistance and determines the material's resistance against the abrasive action of a slurry.
The design and parameters of this method make it a good approximation of many slurry-abrasion dominated wear mechanisms in processing equipment, pumps, transport systems, flow control systems, etc. It is also a convient method to compare with good repeatability the abrasion resistance of materials under moderate abrasive conditions (as opposed to severe abrasive conditions in method ASTM G65-105)
Typical uses : materials resistant against slurry abrasion, abrasiveness of a slurry
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Standard Test Method for Conducting Wet Sand/Rubber Wheel Abrasion Tests
This test is essentially a modification of the G65 Rubber wheel sand abrasion configuration. An aqueous slurry is held around the rotating wheel, and wheel rotation is reversed so that an abrasive slurry is picked up by the rubber wheel and brought in the contact with the unknown test specimen.
Resistance against severe abrasion in aqueous conditions is measured.
Typical uses : hard metals, coatings, polymers, ceramics subjected to abrasive wear in wet conditions.
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Standard Test Method for Conducting Erosion Tests by Solid Particle Impingement Using Gas Jets
The particle impingement erosion resistance of materials can be tested under standardized conditions of particle amount and speed, being propelled against a material under various angles.
Solid particle erosion is tested.
(other methods exist for cavitation erosion, or erosion by liquid droplets).
Typical uses : surfaces subjected to particle erosion in air : jet engine components, wind turbine blades, aircraft structural parts, car exterior parts, etc.
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Standard Test Method for Ranking Resistance of Materials to Sliding Wear Using Block-on-Ring Wear Test
Widely used test method to evaluate wear resistance of materials in a sliding line contact, created between a rotating ring and a stationary block, with the Falex Block on Ring test machine. The test conditions may be varied to suit the application.
Typical uses : Aerospace specifications, biomedical specifications, solid lubricant materials, general materials in high speed sliding contact conditions.
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Standard Test Method for Wear Testing with a Pin-on-Disk Apparatus
A standard approach to conducting ball-on-flat or pin-on-flat tests with a unidirectional sliding point contact, generating usually moderate to high contact pressures.
Tests can be conducted lubricated or unlubricated, with emphasis on friction or wear, or both. Varying environmental conditions are possible. Varying material couples.
Rigourous description of all the test conditions, including test equipment characteristics, makes it possible to use this as a standard.
However, test parameters are chosen to represent best the application or material class that is being investigated.
Typical use : widest possible range of applications, material and lubricatnt prescreening comparisons. Also widely used for thin coatings, self lubricating coatings or materials, hard coatings, etc.
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Standard Test Method for Linearly Reciprocating Ball-on-Flat Sliding Wear
Standard test for materials or lubricants in a linear reciprocating motion with fixed stroke.
Due to the rigid construction of the Cameron-Plint TE77 test machine, no variation in the stroke amplitude takes place when friction forces vary during a test (contrary to electrodynamically driven test machines). Open area allows many variations of test specimens to be used, and flexibility in geometry. Custom made holders for special components, including roll-slide adapters, make the test widely applicable.
Typical uses : engine oils, lubricants, wear resistant materials.
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Standard Test Method for Ranking Resistance of Plastic Materials to Sliding Wear Using a Block-On-Ring Configuration
The specific wear rates determined by this test method can be used as a guide in ranking the wear resistance of plastic materials. The specific wear rate will differ with test conditions and test geometries. This test method seeks only to describe the general test procedure and the procedure for calculating and reporting data.
NOTE : This test configuration allows steady state specific wear rates to be achieved very quickly through the use of high loads and speeds. The thrust washer configuration described in Test Method D3702 does not allow for the use of such high speeds and loads because of possible overheating (which may cause degradation or melting, or both) of the specimen. Despite the differences in testing configurations, a good correlation in the ranking of wear resistance is achieved between the two tests
Typical uses : plastics and polymer composites.
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Standard Test Method for Damage to Contacting Solid Surfaces under Fretting Conditions
This test method covers the studying or ranking the susceptibility of candidate materials to fretting corrosion or fretting wear for the purposes of material selection for applications where fretting corrosion or fretting wear can limit serviceability.
This test method uses a tribological bench test apparatus with a mechanism or device that will produce the necessary relative motion between a contacting hemispherical rider and a flat counterface. The rider is pressed against the flat counterface with a loading system. The test method is intended for use in room temperature air, but future editions could include fretting in the presence of lubricants or other environments.
Typical uses : fretting wear resistant materials
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Standard Test Method for Determining Extreme Pressure Properties of Lubricating Greases Using a High-Frequency, Linear-Oscillation (SRV) Test Machine
This laboratory test method can be used to quickly determine extreme pressure properties of lubricating greases at selected temperatures specified for use in applications where high-speed vibrational or start-stop motions are present with high Hertzian point contact. This test method has found wide application in qualifying lubricating greases used in constant velocity joints of front-wheel-drive automobiles.
NOTE : Users of this test method should determine whether results correlate with field performance or other applications.
Typical uses : lubricants
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Standard Test Method for Measuring Friction and Wear Properties of Lubricating Grease Using a High-Frequency, Linear-Oscillation (SRV) Test Machine
This test method can be used to determine wear properties and coefficient of friction of lubricating greases at selected temperatures and loads specified for use in applications where high-speed vibrational or start-stop motions are present for extended periods of time under initial high Hertzian point contact pressures. This test method has found application in qualifying lubricating greases used in constant velocity joints of front-wheel-drive automobiles and for lubricating greases used in roller bearings.
NOTE : Users of this test method should determine whether results correlate with field performance or other applications.
Typical uses : greases in high stress contacts.
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Standard Test Method for Measuring Friction and Wear Properties of Extreme Pressure (EP) Lubricating Oils Using SRV Test Machine
This test method can be used to determine antiwear properties and coefficient of friction of EP lubricating oils at selected temperatures and loads specified for use in applications in which high-speed vibrational or start-stop motions are present for extended periods of time under initial high Hertzian point contact pressures.
It has found application as a screening test for lubricants used in gear or cam/follower systems. NOTE : Users of this test method should determine whether results correlate with field performance or other applications.
This test method covers an extreme pressure (EP) lubricating oil's coefficient of friction and its ability to protect against wear when subjected to high-frequency, linear oscillation motion. The procedure is identical to that described in DIN 51834
Typical uses : lubricants
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Standard Test Method for Determining Tribomechanical Properties of Grease Lubricated Plastic Socket Suspension Joints Using a High-Frequency, Linear-Oscillation (SRV) Test Machine
NOTE : Users of this test method should determine whether results correlate with field performance or other applications prior to commercialization.
Typical uses : polymers
Contact usStandard Test Method for Determining Extreme Pressure Properties of Lubricating Oils Using High-Frequency, Linear-Oscillation (SRV) Test Machine
NOTE : Users of this test method should determine whether results correlate with field performance or other applications prior to commercialization.
Typical uses : lubricants
Contact usStandard Test Method for Determining Fretting Wear Resistance of Lubricating Greases Under High Hertzian Contact Pressures Using a High-Frequency, Linear-Oscillation (SRV) Test Machine
This test method can be used to determine anti-wear properties and coefficient of friction of greases in order to prevent “fretting” wear under linear oscillation with associated low strokes and high Hertzian contact pressures at selected temperatures and loads specified for use in applications in which induced, high-speed vibrational motions are present for extended periods of time.
NOTE : Users of this test method should determine whether results correlate with field performance or other applications.
Typical uses : greases
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